The skin is a fascinating organ in our body that not only serves as a protective barrier from extraneous factors but also has the extraordinary ability to regenerate itself. It shields us from environmental hazards, such as pollution and UV radiation, while also regulating our body temperature and facilitating sensations of touch. Despite its incredible functionality, the skin is also susceptible to imperfection, one of which is dark patches.
These spots can be unsightly and can greatly impact your self-confidence. These become stubborn despite using the best face creams or natural face wash or homemade face scrubs. Fear not, there are various treatments available to combat these dark patches and restore the skin’s radiance. In this blog let us delve into the causes of these dark patches and explore some effective treatments that can help you achieve healthier even-toned skin. So, let’s get started.
The dark patches on the skin, known as hyperpigmentation, occurs due to the overproduction of the natural pigment called Melanin. What is this pigment of Melanin all about? The colour of your skin, hair and eyes are determined by this pigment, which is produced by special cells called melanocytes (found in skin and hair follicles, mainly). The melanocytes produce melanin when exposed to the Sun and in response to UV radiation from the Sun. This response is the best protective one because otherwise exposure to Sun’s UV radiation will cause skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer. Thus Melanin is god given sunscreen for us. It absorbs and scatters UV rays, thus protecting the skin from damage. But, not all produce the same amount of melanin because it is genetically determined and also depends on environmental factors such as hormones and even certain medications. The more the merrier is the case with Melanin. Yes, more melanin means darker skin, hair and eyes.
Cause of hyperpigmentation
Black is definitely beautiful but overproduction of the same beauty factor in certain areas of the skin, causes dark patches and this is known as hyperpigmentation. There are several factors that contribute to hyperpigmentation.
Exposure to Sun: Overexposure to the UV rays from the Sun triggers the production of more melanin in the skin and this can lead to dark spots and patches. It is essential to protect your skin from sun exposure by wearing protective clothing and sunscreen to minimise skin damage and darkening. Topical skin-lightening agents are also recommended to treat melasma. Never try to use over-the-counter products. Always go in for natural face wash or homemade face scrubs.
According to an article (Skin Hyperpigmentation in Indian Population: Insights & Best Practice) in the Indian Journal of Dermatology, Melasma mostly occurs in women (90% cases) of all ethnic and racial groups. In India, 20-30% of 40-65 years-old women have facial melisma. According to epidemiological studies the reason for hyperpigmentation in more than 25% of cases, was due to exposure to the sun.
Hormonal changes: When our body undergoes biological processes such as pregnancy, numerous changes happen to support the growth and development of the foetus in the body. The hormone oestrogen plays a significant role during pregnancy. It is this hormone that stimulates the production of melanin. So, pregnant women experience changes like the darkening of nipples, freckles, moles and a dark line that runs from the belly button to the pubic bone, known as the linea nigra.
Generally, the changes in pigmentation resolve after pregnancy. But some women develop melisma, which causes dark skin to develop on the face, particularly on the forehead, cheeks and upper lip. Melasma is more common in women with darker skin tones and can be exacerbated by sun exposure.
Hormonal changes due to menopause or while taking birth control pills also cause hyperpigmentation.
Acne or skin injuries: Acne is an inflammatory skin condition that causes hyperpigmentation. This skin condition is also characterised by the occurrence of pimples, blackheads, whiteheads and other skin lesions. Though acne is caused due to hormonal imbalances, excess oil production and bacterial growth can cause this condition.
Melanin production also plays a role in the development of acne. When the acne lesions heal, the skin produces excess melanin and this causes dark spots or patches on the skin _ post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). To avoid worsening PIH, you should not pick or squeeze the acne lesions as this will lead to further hyperpigmentation.
Certain medications or medical conditions: Some medications and medical conditions can cause hyperpigmentation as a side effect. They can also cause dark patches on the skin, including some antibiotics, anti-seizure medications, and chemotherapy drugs.
Types of Hyperpigmentation
There are several types of hyperpigmentation with different characteristics.
Melasma: This type of hyperpigmentation occurs primarily in women and as explained earlier it is associated with pregnancy. It typically appears as grey-brown patches on the face, neck and forearms.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurs as a result of skin injuries, such as acne or eczema. It typically appears as dark spots or patches in the affected area.
Sunspots: Sunspots, also known as age spots or liver spots, are a type of hyperpigmentation that occurs as a result of sun exposure. They typically appear as brown or grey-brown spots on the face, hands, and other areas that are frequently exposed to the sun.
Treating hyperpigmentation
There are several options available to treat the condition of hyperpigmentation.
- We can go in for the best face creams with very good ratings or a natural face wash. But homemade face scrubs are always the best.
TOPICAL TREATMENTS: These treatments inhibit the production of melanin and there are a number of these treatments to treat hyperpigmentation.
- Hydroquinone: This skin-lightening agent works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is responsible for the production of melanin. This agent brings down the amount of melanin in the skin.
- Retinoids: These are derivatives of vitamin A that help to speed up cell turnover and promote the growth of new, healthy skin cells. They help to reduce the appearance of lines, wrinkles, and acne which can contribute to hyperpigmentation.
- Azelaic acid: This natural acid derived from grains such as wheat, barley and rye inhibits melanocyte activity and helps to reduce pigmentation.
- Kojic acid: This is a natural acid derived from fungi. It also brings down the amount of melanin.
- Vitamin C: This is an antioxidant. It reduces melanin production and helps protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, which cause hyperpigmentation.
CHEMICAL PEELS: Dermatologists can perform chemical peel to remove hyperpigmentation. This is a cosmetic treatment for the condition. They involve the application of a chemical solution to the skin, which peels off the top layer. It then reveals smooth, bright and evenly toned skin underneath.
Superficial peel treatment typically involves the use of alpha-hydroxy acids such as glycolic acid or lactic acid. These acids exfoliate the top layer of the skin and are effective in treating mild hyperpigmentation.
In the case of using medium peels, dermatologists use trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or glycolic acid at higher concentrations. They penetrate deeper into the skin and can be used to moderate hyperpigmentation.
Deep peels are the most aggressive form of chemical peeling and dermatologists use phenols. They penetrate very deeply into the skin and effectively remove severe hyperpigmentation. But, they carry high risk and require more time.
The procedure takes just 30-60 minutes. The treatment involves the application of a chemical solution that would cause a stinging sensation. The skin then turns red and becomes swollen. It also becomes flaky for several days to weeks depending on the depth of the. Peel.
After all these treatments it is very important to follow post-treatment instructions carefully. You will be asked to
- Avoid exposure to the sun
- Use moisturiser
- Always use home-made face scrubs or natural face wash
- Avoid touching the peeled skin parts
- Ensure proper healing
- Regular use of sunscreen
All these should be done religiously to avoid further hyperpigmentation or any complication of the executed procedure
Laser treatment: Certain types of laser treatments can break up the excess melanin in the affected area and help in fading the dark spots. Another important procedure to be followed is to wear sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 every day. This will help prevent further hyperpigmentation and protect the skin too.
Microdermabrasion: This is a minimally invasive procedure, It removes the top layer of the skin with the help of a special device. This is a popular treatment for hyperpigmentation during which a handheld device with a diamond tip or crystal abrasive is used to gently remove the outer layer of dead skin cells. This procedure also helps to stimulate collagen production, which can help to improve the overall texture and tone of the skin. This treatment is performed as a series of treatments and is most suitable for all skin types.
This procedure also helps to stimulate collagen production, which can help to improve the overall texture and tone of the skin. This treatment is performed as a series of treatments and is most suitable for all skin types. It is a safe and effective option for those who are looking for a less invasive option or who have mild to moderate hyperpigmentation.
Cryotherapy: This therapy uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy the excess melanin in the affected area, leading to smoother, more even-toned skin. This medical treatment involves the use of extreme colds to destroy unwanted skin cells or hyperpigmentation.
During this therapy, liquid nitrogen is applied to the skin using a spray gun or even a cotton swab. The top layer of the skin is frozen by this nitrogen and the skin cells slowly die. As the skin heels, new cells grow in their place, resulting in smooth and bright skin.
The procedure can be completed very quickly, in a few minutes. As with any other treatment, it is important to protect the skin from further damage by using sunscreen and avoiding sun exposure. It is important to follow any post-treatment instructions provided by your healthcare provider to ensure proper healing and minimise the risk of complications.
It’s important to note that treating hyperpigmentation can take time and patience, and results may vary depending on the severity of the condition and the treatment used. However, with the right kind of treatment, it is possible to reduce hyperpigmentation.
